Cervical cancer recorded 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide in 2022. Originates at the squamocolumnar transition zone connecting endocervix and ectocervix.
Histologic Types of Cervical Cancer
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): Accounts for up to 90% of cases, arising in exocervix transition zone.
• Adenocarcinoma: Arises from mucus-producing gland cells of the endocervix.
• Adenosquamous Carcinoma: Mixed tumor displaying both squamous and glandular features.
Screening & Diagnostic Workup
Screening: Pap test cytology + HPV-DNA testing (cotesting sensitivity ~94.1%). Takes 3-7 years for abnormal cells to become invasive cancer.
Diagnostic Procedures: Colposcopy magnification, targeted Biopsy, LEEP or Cone biopsy.
Imaging: CT, MRI, PET scan, and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy.
Stages & Chemoradiation Treatment
Stages: Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ) to Stage IVB (distant organ metastasis).
Treatment: Radical Hysterectomy / Trachelectomy (early stage); Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy CTRT with Cisplatin and external beam/brachytherapy (locally advanced); Immunotherapy.
Prevention: HPV vaccination (strains 16 & 18), safe sex, and WHO 2030 elimination targets.